The Prehistory and Ratification of the American Constitution Essay Example for Free

The Prehistory and Ratification of the American Constitution Essay To ratify a treaty or agreement is to make it official by signing it or voting for it. For amendments of the federal constitution to take place, it usually requires the support of both the federal government and a given percentage of the constituent governments. Article five of the constitution of the United States of America illustrates how to amend the document. There are two steps involved; proposal and ratification. In proposing an amendment, either congress or the states can propose an amendment of the constitution. (Both houses of congress must propose the amendment with a two-thirds vote. Two-thirds of the state legislatures must call a congress to hold a constitutional convention.) In ratifying an amendment, regardless of how the amendment has been proposed, it must be ratified by the states. (Three-fourths of the state legislatures must approve the amendment proposed by congress or three-fourths of the states must approve the amendment through ratifying conventions.) Ratification of the constitution in 1787                  In 1787 and 1788, after the constitutional convention, there was a great debate in the United States of America over the constitution that had been proposed. Federalists were in favor of the constitution and a strong central government as well. These federalists were people like George Washington and Alexander Hamilton. On the opposing side were the anti federalists who were in favor of stronger state legislatures and a weaker central government. The anti-federalists did not want the constitution to be ratified. They were people like Samuel Adams and Patrick Henry. Federalists were in support of the ratification process due to the following reasons                  Federalists also reasoned out that the new government would not be dominated by any group and there were various adequate safeguards to protect individuals and the states. The constitution, therefore, did not need a Bill of Rights since it could create a ‘parchment barrier which limited the rights of people instead of protecting them. They considered a Bill of Rights unnecessary because the state governments already had such bills. They wanted a strong federal government which would hold the nation together. The nation was facing several problems, especially constant trade disputes which were at the verge of dividing the nation. A strong federal government was, therefore, necessary. Anti-federalists, on the other hand, did not support the ratification process for the following reasons; They were concerned about the liberties that Americans had won in the revolution. They feared that a strong federal government would destroy these liberties. They were worried that the constitution did not list specific rights for the people. From the above discussion, if I had been alive in 1787, I would have supported the ratification process because of the following reasons; A stronger national government was required to solve persistent problems in America such as lack of a common currency, constant trade disputes between the states and a lack of unity in trade. Features of the constitution would provide adequate power to the national government to address these problems while protecting the rights and freedoms of the people. There were philosophical reasons to oppose the constitution as well. The new government which would be established by the new constitution would create a link between sovereign states. Besides, government did not have power because it was the government, but because the people had granted it power. Federal courts had limited jurisdiction. Many areas were left to the state and local courts. New federal courts were necessary to provide checks and balances on the power of the other two arms of government. Federal courts would thus protect the citizens from government abuse and guarantee their freedom. By separating the basic powers of government into three equal branches, and not giving too much power group, the constitution would provide balance and prevent potential for tyranny. In addition, the anti-federalists main reason for not accepting the ratification process was that the bill of rights had not been included. Later on, the proposed bill of rights was incorporated in the new constitution, and therefore the ratification process was now a valid one. References Bailyn, Bernard. The Debate on the Constitution: Federalist and Anti-federalist Speeches, Articles, and Letters during the Struggle over Ratification. New York: Literary Classics of the United States:, 1993. Print. John, Jeffrey. A Child of Fortune: A Correspondents Report on the Ratification of the U.S. Constitution and Battle for a Bill of Rights. Ottawa, Ill.: Jameson, 1990. Print. The Constitution before the Judgment Seat: The Prehistory and Ratification of the American Constitution, 1787-1791. Choice Reviews Online: 50-0478. Print. Source document

Frida Kahlos Definition of Self Essay example -- essays research pape

Frida Kahlo is one of the most famous female painters to originate from the twentieth century, and for good reason. Her art is filled with beauty and creativity, but Frida’s main source of fame comes from the emotions that these paintings invoke, rather than the actual paintings. This is because Frida put herself into every painting she did, leaving traces of her presence all throughout this world and these traces remain long after her physical departure. Frida was a very peculiar and unique individual, hence, Frida’s definition of what a person is, or rather, what a self is, follows accordingly. The self is the reality that one conceives, and this self will live long after the physical body dies, continuing on as long as their memories endure. This is what Frida Kahlo defines as the self, according to her artwork. Frida’s paintings are very diverse, but they all have at least one thing in common: they all allow a glimpse into Frida’s own reality, and some more than others. In the painting, Self-Portrait with Thorn Necklace and Hummingbird (Kahlo, p1), Frida is seemingly in a jungle or garden with a cat and a monkey on opposite shoulders with dragonflies buzzing about her head. She also has a hummingbird tied to an adorned necklace of thorns, which is making her neck bleed. The real emotion in this painting comes fully from Frida’s face. Frida’s eyes are blank and staring straight forward. No happiness emanates from these eyes, only a cold, anguished spirit radiates. Even in this paradise-like setting she is chased by her torment. Although Frida has fabricated a beautiful piece of scenery, she still cannot enjoy the lush flora and fauna around her. This follows her definition accordingly. Although Frida wants noth... ...he will never be forgotten because she has gone to great lengths to traces of her presence everywhere she went. Frida Kahlo is inarguably the most famous painter from the twentieth century because she puts such emotion into her paintings. She put her own reality into every painting that she ever fabricated. She never painted stories or fiction, she only painted what she saw in her own mind, and what she saw in her mind was her life. Much of her life was bad, and much of her life was good, but it was all on canvas, and it’s all open to interpretation. If her paintings mean something specific to a specific person, Frida would say that is all that matters. Frida’s paintings had very intense meanings for her, but she would never want to take a person’s own interpretation away from him or her. Frida would say that the only reality anyone has is of their own make.

Sqc – Statistical Quality Control

Statistical quality control (SQC) The application of statistical techniques to measure and evaluate the quality of a product, service, or process. Two basic categories: I. Statistical process control (SPC): – the application of statistical techniques to determine whether a process is functioning as desired II. Acceptance Sampling: – the application of statistical techniques to determine whether a population of items should be accepted or rejected based on inspection of a sample of those items. Quality Measurement: Attributes vs Variables Attributes:Characteristics that are measured as either â€Å"acceptable† or â€Å"not acceptable†, thus have only discrete, binary, or integer values. Variables: Characteristics that are measured on a continuous scale. Statistical Process Control (SPC) Methods Statistical process control (SPC) monitors specified quality characteristics of a product or service so as: To detect whether the process has changed in a way that w ill affect product quality and To measure the current quality of products or services. Control is maintained through the use of control charts. The charts have upper and lower ontrol limits and the process is in control if sample measurements are between the limits. Control Charts for Attributes P Charts – measures proportion defective. C Charts – measures the number of defects/unit. Control Charts for Variables X bar and R charts are used together – control a process by ensuring that the sample average and range remain within limits for both. Basic Procedure 1. An upper control limit (UCL) and a lower control limit (LCL) are set for the process. 2. A random sample of the product or service is taken, and the specified quality characteristic is measured. . If the average of the sample of the quality characteristic is higher than the upper control limit or lower than the lower control limit, the process is considered to be â€Å"out of control†. CONTROL CHA RTS FOR ATTRIBUTES p-Charts for Proportion Defective p-chart: a statistical control chart that plots movement in the sample proportion defective (p) over time Procedure: 1. take a random sample and inspect each item 2. determine the sample proportion defective by dividing the number of defective items by the sample size 3. lot the sample proportion defective on the control chart and compare with UCL and LCL to determine if process is out of control The underlying statistical sampling distribution is the binomial distribution, but can be approximated by the normal distribution with: mean = u = np (Note – add the bars above the means used in all the equations in this section) standard deviation of p: sigmap = square root of (p(1 -p ) / n) where p = historical population proportion defective and n = sample size Control Limits: UCL = u + z sigmap LCL = u – z sigma p is the number of standard deviations from the mean. It is set based how certain you wish to be that when a l imit is exceeded it is due to a change in the process proportion defective rather than due to sample variability. For example: If z = 1 if p has not changed you will still exceed the limits in 32% of the samples (68% confident that mean has changed if the limits are exceeded. z = 2 – limits will be exceeded in 4. 5 (95. 5 % confidence that mean has changed) z = 3 – limits will be exceeded in . 03 (99. % confidence) c-Charts for Number of Defects Per Unit c-chart: a statistical control chart that plots movement in the number of defects per unit. Procedure: 1. randomly select one item and count the number of defects in that item 2. plot the number of defects on a control chart 3. compare with UCL and LCL to determine if process is out of control The underlying sampling distribution is the Poisson distribution, but can be approximated by the normal distribution with: mean = c standard deviation = square root of c here c is the historical average number of defects/unit Con trol Limits: UCL = c + z c LCL = c – z c Control Charts for Variables Two charts are used together: R-chart (â€Å"range chart†) and X barchart (â€Å"average chart†) Both the process variability (measured by the R-chart) and the process average (measured by the X bar chart) must be in control before the process can be said to be in control. Process variability must be in control before the X bar chart can be developed because a measure of process variability is required to determine the -chart control limits.R-Chart for Process Variability: UCLR = D4(R) LCLR = D3(R) where is the average of past R values, and D3 and D4 are constants based on the sample size -Chart for Process Average: UCLR = X bar + A2(R) LCL = X bar – A2(R) where X bar is the average of several past values, and A2 is a constant based on the sample size Other Types of Attribute-Sampling Plans Double-Sampling Plan: Specifies two sample sizes (n1 and n2) and two acceptance levels (c1 and c2 ) 1. f the first sample passes (actual defects c1), the lot is accepted 2. if the first sample fails and actual defects > c2, the lot is rejected 3. if first sample fails but c1 < actual defects c2, the second sample is taken and judged on the combined number of defectives found. Sequential-Sampling Plan: Each time an item is inspected, a decision is made whether to accept the lot, reject it, or continue sampling. Acceptance Sampling Goal: To accept or reject a batch of items.Frequently used to test incoming materials from suppliers or other parts of the organization prior to entry into the production process. Used to determine whether to accept or reject a batch of products. Measures number of defects in a sample. Based on the number of defects in the sample the batch is either accepted or rejected. An acceptance level c is specified. If the number of defects in the sample is c the atch is accepted, otherwise it is rejected and subjected to 100% inspection. Sqc – Statistical Quality Control Statistical quality control (SQC) The application of statistical techniques to measure and evaluate the quality of a product, service, or process. Two basic categories: I. Statistical process control (SPC): – the application of statistical techniques to determine whether a process is functioning as desired II. Acceptance Sampling: – the application of statistical techniques to determine whether a population of items should be accepted or rejected based on inspection of a sample of those items. Quality Measurement: Attributes vs Variables Attributes:Characteristics that are measured as either â€Å"acceptable† or â€Å"not acceptable†, thus have only discrete, binary, or integer values. Variables: Characteristics that are measured on a continuous scale. Statistical Process Control (SPC) Methods Statistical process control (SPC) monitors specified quality characteristics of a product or service so as: To detect whether the process has changed in a way that w ill affect product quality and To measure the current quality of products or services. Control is maintained through the use of control charts. The charts have upper and lower ontrol limits and the process is in control if sample measurements are between the limits. Control Charts for Attributes P Charts – measures proportion defective. C Charts – measures the number of defects/unit. Control Charts for Variables X bar and R charts are used together – control a process by ensuring that the sample average and range remain within limits for both. Basic Procedure 1. An upper control limit (UCL) and a lower control limit (LCL) are set for the process. 2. A random sample of the product or service is taken, and the specified quality characteristic is measured. . If the average of the sample of the quality characteristic is higher than the upper control limit or lower than the lower control limit, the process is considered to be â€Å"out of control†. CONTROL CHA RTS FOR ATTRIBUTES p-Charts for Proportion Defective p-chart: a statistical control chart that plots movement in the sample proportion defective (p) over time Procedure: 1. take a random sample and inspect each item 2. determine the sample proportion defective by dividing the number of defective items by the sample size 3. lot the sample proportion defective on the control chart and compare with UCL and LCL to determine if process is out of control The underlying statistical sampling distribution is the binomial distribution, but can be approximated by the normal distribution with: mean = u = np (Note – add the bars above the means used in all the equations in this section) standard deviation of p: sigmap = square root of (p(1 -p ) / n) where p = historical population proportion defective and n = sample size Control Limits: UCL = u + z sigmap LCL = u – z sigma p is the number of standard deviations from the mean. It is set based how certain you wish to be that when a l imit is exceeded it is due to a change in the process proportion defective rather than due to sample variability. For example: If z = 1 if p has not changed you will still exceed the limits in 32% of the samples (68% confident that mean has changed if the limits are exceeded. z = 2 – limits will be exceeded in 4. 5 (95. 5 % confidence that mean has changed) z = 3 – limits will be exceeded in . 03 (99. % confidence) c-Charts for Number of Defects Per Unit c-chart: a statistical control chart that plots movement in the number of defects per unit. Procedure: 1. randomly select one item and count the number of defects in that item 2. plot the number of defects on a control chart 3. compare with UCL and LCL to determine if process is out of control The underlying sampling distribution is the Poisson distribution, but can be approximated by the normal distribution with: mean = c standard deviation = square root of c here c is the historical average number of defects/unit Con trol Limits: UCL = c + z c LCL = c – z c Control Charts for Variables Two charts are used together: R-chart (â€Å"range chart†) and X barchart (â€Å"average chart†) Both the process variability (measured by the R-chart) and the process average (measured by the X bar chart) must be in control before the process can be said to be in control. Process variability must be in control before the X bar chart can be developed because a measure of process variability is required to determine the -chart control limits.R-Chart for Process Variability: UCLR = D4(R) LCLR = D3(R) where is the average of past R values, and D3 and D4 are constants based on the sample size -Chart for Process Average: UCLR = X bar + A2(R) LCL = X bar – A2(R) where X bar is the average of several past values, and A2 is a constant based on the sample size Other Types of Attribute-Sampling Plans Double-Sampling Plan: Specifies two sample sizes (n1 and n2) and two acceptance levels (c1 and c2 ) 1. f the first sample passes (actual defects c1), the lot is accepted 2. if the first sample fails and actual defects > c2, the lot is rejected 3. if first sample fails but c1 < actual defects c2, the second sample is taken and judged on the combined number of defectives found. Sequential-Sampling Plan: Each time an item is inspected, a decision is made whether to accept the lot, reject it, or continue sampling. Acceptance Sampling Goal: To accept or reject a batch of items.Frequently used to test incoming materials from suppliers or other parts of the organization prior to entry into the production process. Used to determine whether to accept or reject a batch of products. Measures number of defects in a sample. Based on the number of defects in the sample the batch is either accepted or rejected. An acceptance level c is specified. If the number of defects in the sample is c the atch is accepted, otherwise it is rejected and subjected to 100% inspection.

Human Evolution Affected By Hybridization Of Modern Humans...

Human Evolution Affected by Hybridization of Modern Humans and Similar Human Species The evolution of humans is known to be very complex and recently scientists have been discovering just how complex through molecular data. Learning that the vertebrate eye took 400,000 generations to evolve sparked my interest in understanding human evolution. A recent article on BBC claims that at one point in the timeline of human evolution, the species Homo sapiens, which is the modern human species, interbred with Neanderthals and Denisovans (Hogenboom, 2015). Neanderthals are the modern human’s closest extinct relatives and are a species with short, stocky bodies that helped to adapt to cold weather. Denisovans are organisms that lived in caves and are also closely related to H. sapiens. Specifically, the article says that ancestors from Europe and Asia have at least 1-4% of Neanderthal DNA and those with ancestors from Southeast Asia have up to 6% of Denisovan DNA. But more importantly, the article makes the claim that the modern human species is a result of hybridizatio n of multiple human species (Hogenboom, 2015). As a result of understanding the science behind the interbreeding of humans with other closely related species, I will be able to see how hybridization plays a role in evolution of a species. The discovery of molecular data of various human species has allowed for a clearer picture of the lineage that led to the modern human species. An article called The Hybrid OriginShow MoreRelatedLake Victoria Of The East African Rift Valley1524 Words   |  7 Pages Lake Victoria in the East African Rift Valley is young compared to the surrounding lakes in the region. Despite this, the haplochromine cichlid fish that inhabit this lake have shown rapid evolution. The lake was formed by a combination of tectonic movement and river water reversal of an â€Å"ancient drainage system† in the Pleistocene. The lake is also shallow compared to others in the area (a maximum depth of 69 meters), so it is unlikely that the resident cichlids could have survived in poolsRead MoreEssay Biology, 7e (Campbell) Chapter 24: the Origin of Species5830 Words   |  24 Pages24: The Origin of Species Chapter Questions 1) Which of the following applies to both anagenesis and cladogenesis? A) branching B) increased diversity C) speciation D) more species E) adaptive radiation Answer: C Topic: Concept 24.1 Skill: Comprehension 2) Which of the following statements about species, as defined by the biological species concept, is (are) correct? I. Biological species are defined by reproductive isolation. II. Biological species are the model usedRead MoreDiversity Within The Taxonomic Group Of Lagormorpha1863 Words   |  8 PagesDiversity within and between species depends on evolution and evolutionary processes. This essay seeks to analyze the origins and significance of diversity within the taxonomic group of Lagormorpha, both within species and between species. Origin of diversity within species Inbreeding depression occurs when species inbreed to a point where the overall fitness of the species decreases significantly. Slate and Pemberton studied how reduced heterozygosity affected the sperm and gonads of wild rabbitsRead MoreArtificial Selection And Its Effects On Our Health3011 Words   |  13 Pages Artificial selection is the process in which humans breed organisms based on physical traits they want to further enhanced or eliminate, in a way artificial selection relies heavy on the phenotype of the organism. Which is the physical trait expressed by genes. An example would be the domestication of the dog. Around 15,000 to 16,000 years ago, we began to breed wolves and actively select for tameness. Li et al. (2013), found â€Å"this rapid evolution was probably driven by artificial selection duringRead More50 Harmful Effects of Genetically Modified (Gm) Foods14312 Words   |  58 Pagesbeen filed with the US Patent Office alone, and many more abroad. Furthermore an economic war broke out to own equity in firms that legally claimed such patent rights or the means to control not only genetically modified organisms but vast reaches of human food supplies. This has been the behind-the-scenes and key factor for some of the largest and rapid agri-chemical firm mergers in history. Th e merger of Pioneer Hi-Bed and Dupont (1997), Novartis AG and AstraZeneca PLC (2000), plus Dow s merger withRead MoreLas 432 Research Paper: Gmos20901 Words   |  84 Pagesorganisms that live within it. The thesis of this report is that Genetically Modified Organisms have distinct benefits with the potential to help starving nations, combat disease and create economic growth; however the research and true benefits to humans in general is underdeveloped and under-regulated. This uncertainty leads to controversy, possible environmental impacts and health concerns. An idea good in concept, Genetically Modified Organisms creates a topic of discussion and the necessity